Cognitive+Architectures

Cognitive Architectures
 * Comparisons, lists, societies:**
 * [|BICA Society]: Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures Society
 * [|Comparative Table of Cognitive Architectures] | [|Table with comparison] |
 * [|Cognitive architectures for robots]
 * [|Cognitive Models List, Wheeler] (old)
 * [|Cognitive Systems: Integrated and Hybrid Architectures and Algorithms]
 * [|Ron Sun list of CA]
 * [|Survey of Cognitive and Agent Architectures] | [|CS1 survey] | [|CS2 survey] | [|CS3 survey] | [|CS4 survey] | [|CS5 survey] |
 * [|Wikipedia article] | [|Wiki CA comparison] |
 * [|Cognitive Architectures Wiki] project


 * Architectures with software for experimentation**:
 * [|ACT Research Home Page] (John Anderson) i [|Carnegielearning Cognitive tutors] | [|Ms. Lindquist algebra tutor]
 * [|AGI, Artificial General Intelligence] | [|The Open Cognition Project]: open source Artificial General Intelligence framework | [|Open Cognition Wiki] | [|Novamente AI Engine], Real AI Institute, [|Ben Goertzel]
 * [|AKIRA], a framework for implementing and testing cognitive models at different levels of complexity, [|http://www.akira-project.org] (not working?)
 * [|The AI Mind Project] | [|Mindforth] theory of mind implementation | [|AI Mind in Forth]| [|AI Mind Project]
 * [|Ai (Israel)], Hal, child machine
 * [|BECCA]- Brain Emulating Cognitive Control Architecture, an Open-source Artificial General Intelligence Platform from Sandia Labs
 * [|CYC project, Cycorp, Inc]
 * [|CLARION] (Ron Sun)
 * [|CERA-CRANIUM] Cognitive Architecture (Conscious and Emotional Reasoning Architecture)
 * [|DiPRA, Distributed Practical Reasoning Architecture].
 * [|DISCERN and PROC], [|Miikkulainen] 's distributed approach to language based on SOM maps.
 * [|DUAL]- hybrid, multi-agent, dynamic emergent computation, B. Kokinov | [|AMBER] - Associative Memory-Based Reasoning, with code.
 * [|4CAPS] in Wiki | [|Lisp code] |
 * [|The MicroPsi Project] (Joscha Bach)
 * [|Metacat (J. Marshall)]
 * [|Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL)] | [|PAL framework & software] | [|PAL for iPhone] |
 * [|Polyscheme] - Human-Level Intelligence Lab, Roensaller.
 * [|Soar (Newell, Simon, Laird, others)] | [|Soar Tech company] | [|Soar-IFOR] (real-time military pilot) | [|Steve] - VR training | [|Soar - tutorials] | [|Computer games in SOAR] | [|AI in games (J. Laird)] |


 * Theoretical ideas and architectures without available software:**
 * CMattie, [|Conscious Software Research Group], Stan Franklin's architecture based on [|Baars model] | older [|VMattie project] |
 * [|Ersatz brain project], James Anderson
 * [|EPIC (Executive Process Interactive Control)], David Kieras page, some info on [|David Mayers page]
 * [|OSCAR Project], John L. Pollock
 * [|SAL - An explicitly pluralistic //cognitive architecture//] (Jilk, Lebiere, O'Reilly, Anderson, 2008)
 * [|Shruti], reflexive reasoning network


 * Projects related to cognitive architectures (mostly BICA), some already completed:**
 * DARPA [|Completed programs]: Biologically-Inspired Cognitive Architectures (BICA), Learning Applied to Ground Robots (LAGR), Real-World Reasoning (REAL) and more.
 * [|Architecture of Brain and Mind], integrating high level cognitive processes with brain mechanisms and functions in a working robot.|
 * [|Blue Brain], EPFL+IBM, 10K Hodgkin-Huxley compartmental neurons (at the ion channels details) to model neocortical column, using NEURON simulator, completed in 2008.
 * [|Brain-i-Nets], Novel Brain-Inspired Learning Paradigms for Large-Scale Neuronal Networks, EU project (2010-12).
 * [|BrainScales], Brain-inspired multiscale computation in neuromorphic hybrid systems, EU project (2011) with 18 groups, wafer scale integration, in-vivo biological experimentation and computational analysis, also will test probabilistic inference mechanisms.
 * [|C2S2, Cognitive Computing via Synaptronics and Supercomputing], part of DARPA Synapse initiative; initial simulations for 1.6G single compartment spiking neurons, ~9T synapses on about 150K CPUs of IBM Dawn Blue Gene/P supercomputer, newer work is on hardware chips.
 * [|Digital Aristotle] - project Halo.
 * [|Semantic Inferencing on Large Knowledge (SILK)]
 * [|D-Omar in Java,]an agent development environment.
 * [|Emergent] - extension of PDP++,Randall C. O'Reilly, BICA architectures are build around it.
 * [|Evolved Machines], growing large neural nets for perception!
 * [|FACETS], Fast Analog Computing with Emergent Transient States, EU project with 15 groups, neuromorphic analog spiking 256 neuron chips with 128K synapses, STDP learning, finished in 2010, followed by BrainScales.
 * [|Keenan's Software for Memory and Cognition], psychological experiments
 * [|NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies] (NEAT) and [|HyperNEAT]
 * [|Nengo] rapid spiking network simulator
 * [|Neurogrid], Brains in Silicon at Stanford University, CMOS chips with 64K neurons x 16 on a board, Integrated and Fire neurons with additional simplified somatic compartments, about 300 transistors/neuron used, analog communication, 6G connections, real time, 5 W power only.
 * [|OpenNERO] research and education platform with graphical display of a 3-D physical world that includes multiple agents with embedded sensors and effectors and multiple objects; [|tutorial on neuroevolution] and application in [|real-time games].
 * [|Memory-based prediction] and Neocortex project |
 * [|SpiNNaker, A Universal Spiking Neural Network Architecture], Manchester; hardware chips, 1000 spiking point neurons each, based on ARM processors; 64K chips + 18 CPU cores architecture finished in 2012.

See also the most ambitious AI projects. [|Comparison of Artificial Brain Projects].


 * Challenges:**
 * [|The BotPrize] competition: can programs controlling bots fool people that humans are involved?
 * [|Human-like Bot Competition] similar to BotPrize.
 * The [|Loebner Prize competition]: restricted Turing test.


 * Reviews:**
 * Taatgen N, Anderson J.R, [|The Past, Present, and Future of Cognitive Architectures.] Topics in Cognitive Science 1 (2009) 1–12
 * Duch W, Oentaryo R.J, Pasquier M, //[|Cognitive architectures: where do we go from here?]//In: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol. 171 (Ed. by Pei Wang, Ben Goertzel, and Stan Franklin), IOS Press, pp. 122-136, 2008
 * Hui-Qing Chong, Ah-Hwee Tan, Gee-Wah Ng, Integrated cognitive architectures: a survey. Artif Intell Rev 28:103–130, 2007.
 * [|Hugo de Garis], [|Shuo Chen], Ben Goertzel, [|Ruiting Lian]: A world survey of artificial brain projects, Part I: Large-scale brain simulations. [|Neurocomputing 74](1-3): 3-29, 2010; Part II: Biologically inspired cognitive architectures. [|Neurocomputing 74](1-3): 30-49, 2010
 * Langley P, Laird J.E, Rogers S, [|Cognitive architectures]:Research issues and challenges. Cognitive Systems Research 10, 141-160 ( 2008)
 * Thórisson K, Helgasson H, [|Cognitive Architectures and Autonomy: A Comparative Review. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence]2, 1-63, 2011 (open access, article + discussion)

Last changes: 2.07.2013 [|Wlodzislaw Duch]